قاب‌بندی مسئله؛ راه طراحانه ی رویارویی با مسئله ی طراحی

شریعت راد، فرهاد. راه طراحانۀ رویارویی با مسئلۀ طراحی: در جستجوی راهکارهایی جهت تسهیل رشد توانایی قاب‌بندی مسئله نزد دانشجویان معماری، رسالۀ دکتری معماری، تهران: دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، 1393.

شریعت راد، فرهاد و حمید ندیمی. «بررسی راهبردهای طراحان ایرانی در قیاس با مدل عمومی راهبرد خلاق در طراحی»، در مجموعه مقالات چهارمین همایش آموزش معماری، ویراستار: سعید امیر محمودی، تهران: پردیس هنرهای زیبا دانشگاه تهران، 1390.

لاوسون، برایان. طراحان چگونه می‌اندیشند: ابهام‌زدایی از فرایند طراحی، ترجمۀ حمید ندیمی، انتشارات دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، ۱۳۸۴.

ندیمی، حمید و فرهاد شریعت راد. «منابع ایده‌پردازی معماری جستاری در فرايند ايده‌پردازي چند معمار از جامعۀ حرفه‌اي کشور»، در نشریه معماری و شهرسازی هنرهای زیبا، ش 2 (تابستان 1391), ص5-14.

Akin, Ö. “Necessary Conditions for Design Expertise and Creativity”, in Design Studies, 11 (1990), pp. 107-113.

________ . “Variants in Design Cognition”, in C.M. Eastman, W.M. McCracken & W.C. Newstetter (Eds.), Design Knowing and Learning: Cognition in Design Education, Oxford: Elsevier Science, 2001, pp. 105-124.

Alexander, C. Notes on the Synthesis of Form, Harvard University Press, 1964.

Archer, L.B. Systematic Method for Designers. London: Council of Industrial Design, 1965.

Arlin, P.K. “The Problem of the Problem”, in J.D. Sinnott (Ed.), Everyday Problem Solving: Theory and Applications, New York: Praeger, 1989, pp. 229-237.

Bardwell, L. “Problem-Framing: A Perspective on Environmental Problem-solving”, in Environmental Management, 15 (1991), pp. 603-612.

Bartlett, F.C. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932.

Bazerman, M.H. “The Relevance of Kahneman and Tversky’s Concept of Framing to Organizational Behavior”, in Journal of Management, 10 (1984), pp. 333-343.

Beckman, S.L & M. Barry. “Innovation as a Learning Process: Embedding Design Thinking”, in California Management Review, 50 (2007), pp. 25-56.

Casakin, H. “Visual Analogy as a Cognitive Strategy in the Design Process: Expert Versus Novice Performance”, in Design Research, 4 (2004).

Casakin, H. & G. Goldschmidt. “Expertise and the Use of Visual Analogy: Implications for Design Education”, in Design Studies, 20 (1999), pp. 153-175.

Chong, D. & J.N. Druckman. “A Theory of Framing and Opinion Formation in Competitive Elite Environments”, in Journal of Communication, 57 (2007), pp. 99-118.

Chong, D. & J.N. Druckman. “Dynamics in Mass Communication Effects Research”, in H.A. Semetko & M. Scammell (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Political Communication, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2012, pp. 307-323.

Chong, D. & J.N. Druckman. “Framing Theory”, in Annual Review of Political Science, 10 (2007), pp. 103-126.

Christiaans, H. Creativity in Design, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, 1992.

Coyne, R. Logic Models of Design, London: Pitman, 1988.

Cross, N. Developments in Design Methodology, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1984.

________ . “Expertise in Design: an overview”, in Design Studies, 25 (2004), pp. 427-441.

________ . Designerly Ways of Knowing, London: Springer, 2006.

Cross, N. & H. Christiaans & K. Dorst. “Design Expertise Amongst Student Designers”, in Journal of Art & Design Education, 13 (1994), pp. 39-56.

Cross, N. & A.C. Cross. “Expertise in Engineering Design”, in Research in Engineering Design, 10 (1998), pp. 141-149.

Cuban, L. Problem-finding: Problem-based Learning Project, Stanford: Stanford University, 1990.

De Vreese, C.H. “New Avenues for Framing Research”, in American Behavioral Scientist, 56 (2012), pp. 365-375.

Dorst, K. Describing Design: A Comparison of Paradigms, Netherlands: Delft University, 1997.

________ . “Design Problems and Design Paradoxes”, in Design Issues, 22 (2006), pp. 4-17.

________ . “The Core of ‘Design Thinking’ and its Application”, in Design Studies, 32 (2011), pp. 521-532.

Dorst, K. & N. Cross. “Creativity in the Design Process: Co-evolution of Problem–solution”, in Design Studies, 22 (2001), pp. 425-437.

Dorst, K. & J. Dijkhuis. “Comparing Paradigms for Describing Design Activity”, in Design Studies, 16 (1995), pp. 261-274.

Drazin, R. & M.A. Glynn & R.K. Kazanjian. “Multilevel Theorizing about Creativity in Organizations: A Sensemaking Perspective”, in Academy of Management Review, 24 (1999), pp. 286-307.

Druckman, J.N. “The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence”, in Political Behavior, 23 (2001), pp. 225-256.

Džbor, M. Design Problems, Frames and Innovative Solutions, Ios Press, 2009.

Dzbor, M. & Z. Zdrahal. “Design as Interactions of Problem Framing and Problem Solving”, in Proceedings 15th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), Lyon, France, 2002.

Entman, R. M. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm”, in Journal of Communication, 43 (1993), pp. 51-58.

________ . Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy, University of Chicago Press, 2004.

Entman, R. M. & J. Matthes & L. Pellicano. “Nature, Sources and Effects of News Framing”, in K. Wahl-Jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch (Ed.), The Handbook of Journalism Studies, Taylor & Francis, 2009, p. 175-190.

Fernandes, R. & H.A. Simon. “A Study of how Individuals Solve Complex and Ill-structured Problems”, in Policy Sciences, 32 (1999), pp. 225-245.

Gamson, W. & A. Modigliani. “Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach”, in The American Journal of Sociology, 95 (1989), pp. 1-37.

Gao, S. A Comparative Study of Problem Framing in Multiple Settings, The University of Hong Kong, 2005.

Gero, J. “Conceptual Designing as a Sequence of Situated Acts”, in I. Smith (Ed.), Artificial Intelligence in Structural Engineering, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Vol. 1454 (1980), pp. 165-177.

Getzels, J.W. “Problem Finding: a Theoretical Note”, in Cognitive Science, 3 (1979), pp. 167-172.

Gitlin, T. The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making & Unmaking of the New Left, University of California Press, 1980.

Goel, V. & P. Pirolli. “The Structure of Design Problem Spaces”, in Cognitive Science, 16 (1992), pp. 395-429.

Goffman, E. Frame Analysis: an Essay on the Organization of Experience, Harper & Row, 1974.

Hallahan, K. “Seven Models of Framing: Implications for Public Relations”, in Journal of Public Relations Research, 11 (1999), pp. 205-242.

Hänggli, R. “Key Factors in Frame Building: How Strategic Political Actors Shape News Media Coverage”, in American Behavioral Scientist, 56 (2012), pp. 300-317.

Hänggli, R. & H. Kriesi. “Political Framing Strategies and Their Impact on Media Framing in a Swiss Direct-Democratic Campaign”, in Political Communication, 27 (2010), pp. 141-157.

Harfield, S. “On Design ‘Problematization’: Theorising Differences in Designed Outcomes”, in Design Studies, 28 (2007), pp. 159-173.

Hey, J. & C.K. Joyce & S.L. Beckman. “Framing Innovation: Negotiating Shared Frames During Early Design Phases”, in Journal of Design Research, 6 (2007), pp. 77-99.

Hey, J.H.G. Effective Framing in Design, Berkeley: University of California, 2008.

Ho, C.-H. “Some Phenomena of Problem Decomposition Strategy for Design Thinking: Differences between Novices and Experts”, in Design Studies, 22 (2001), pp. 27-45.

Jonassen, D. “Instructional Design Models for Well-structured and III-structured Problem-solving Learning Outcomes”, in Educational Technology Research and Development, 45 (1997), pp. 65-94.

Kahneman, D. & A. Tversky. “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk”, in Econometrica, 47 (1979) , pp. 263-291.

Karnes, K.O.N. What’s the Story? Framing of Health Issues by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Major Newspapers: A Qualitative Analysis, Georgiastate University, 2008.

Kaufman, S. & M. Elliott & D. Shmueli. “Frames, Framing and Reframing”, in G. Burgess & H. Burgess (Eds.), Beyond Intractability, Boulder: University of Colorado, 2003.

Kavakli, M. & J. Gero. “Strategic Knowledge Differences between an Expert and a Novice Designer”, in U. Lindemann (Ed.), Human Behaviour in Design, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003, pp. 42-52.

Kim, J. & H. Ryu. “A Design Thinking Rationality Framework: Framing and Solving Design Problems in Early Concept Generation”, in Human-Computer Interaction, 29 (2014), pp. 516-553.

Kruger, C. & N. Cross. “Solution Driven versus Problem Driven Design: Strategies and Outcomes”, in Design Studies, 27 (2006), pp. 527-548.

Lawson, B. How Designers Think, London: Architectural Press, 1980.

________ . What Designers Know, Elsevier/ Architectural, 2004.

Lawson, B. & K. Dorst. Design Expertise, Architectural Press, 2009.

Leonie, A.M. & N. Kalaitzandonakes & L. Wilkins & L. Zakharova. “Mass Media Framing of Biotechnology News”, in Public Understanding of Science, 16 (2007), pp. 183-203.

Levin, I.P. & S.L. Schneider & G.J. Gaeth. “All Frames Are Not Created Equal: A Typology and Critical Analysis of Framing Effects”, in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76 (1998), pp. 149-188.

Levin, P. “Decision Making in Urban Design”, in N. Cross (Ed.), Developments in design methodology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1984, p. 107-121.

Lloyd, P. & P. Scott. “Difference in Similarity: Interpreting the Architectural Design Process”, in Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 22 (1995), pp. 383-406.

Matthes, J. “What's in a Frame? A Content Analysis of Media Framing Studies in the World's Leading Communication Journals, 1990-2005”, in Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 86 (2009), pp. 349-367.

________ . “Framing Politics: An Integrative Approach”, in American Behavioral Scientist, 56 (2012), pp. 247-259.

Minsky, M. A Framework for Representing Knowledge (Vol. Memo No. 306). MIT-AI Laboratory 1974.

________ . “Frame-system Theory”, in R. R. Schank & B.L. Nash-Webber (Ed.), Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing, MIT, 1975, pp. 104-116.

________ . Jokes and the Logic of the Cognitive Unconscious. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Artificial Intelligence Lab., 1980.

Moor, T.N. & S.G. English. “Reflections on Multiple Perspective Problem Framing”, in International Journal of Design Management and Professional Practice, 6 (2013), pp. 29-50.

Neal, M.A. & M.H. Bazerman. “The Effects of Framing and Negotiator Overconfidence in Bargaining Behaviors and Outcomes”, in Academy of Management Journal, 28 (1985), pp. 34-49.

Neal, M.A. & V.L. Huber & G.B. Northcroft. “The Framing of Negotiations, Contextual versus Task Frames”, in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39 (1987), pp. 228-241.

Paton, B. & K. Dorst. “Briefing and Reframing: A Situated Practice”, in Design Studies, 32 (2011), pp. 573-587.

Posner, M.I. Cognition: An Introduction, Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1973.

Putnam, L. L. & M. Holmer. “Framing, Reframing, and Issue Development”, in L.L. Putnam & M.E. Roloff (Eds.), Communication and Negotiation, Newbury Park, CA: SAGE, 1992, pp. 55-128.

Reitman, W.R. “Heuristic Decision Procedures, Open Constraints, and the Structure of Ill-defined Problems”, in M.W. Shelly & G.L. Bryan (Eds.), Human Judgments and Optimality, New york: John Wiley and Sons, 1964, pp. 282-315.

Restrepo, J. & H. Christiaans. “Problem Structuring and Information Access in Design”, in Design Research, 4 (2004), pp. 1551–1569.

Rittel, H.J. & M. Webber. “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning”, in Policy Sciences, 4 (1973), pp. 155-169.

Roozenburg, N.M. & K. Dorst. “Describing Design as a Reflective Practice: Observations on Schön’s Theory of Practice”, in E. Frankenberger, H. Birkhofer & P. Badke-Schaub (Eds.), Designers, Springer London, 1998, pp. 29-41.

Scheufele, D.A. “Framing as a Theory of Media Effects”, in Journal of Communication, 49 (1999), pp. 103-122.

Schon, D.A. “Designing as Reflective Conversation with the Materials of a Design Situation”, in Research in Engineering Design, 3 (1992), pp. 131-147.

________ . The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action, Basic Books, 1983.

________ . “Problems, Frames and Perspectives on Designing”, in Design Studies, 5 (1984), pp. 132-136.

________ . The Design Studio: An Exploration of Its Traditions and Potentials, Riba-Publication, 1985.

________ . Educating the Reflective Practitioner: Toward a New Design for Teaching and Learning in the Professions, Jossey-Bass, 1987.

________ . “Toward a Marriage of Artistry & Applied Science In the Architectural Design Studio”, in JAE, 41 (1988), pp. 4-10.

Schön, D.A. & M. Rein. Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies, BasicBooks, 1994.

Shin, N. & D.H. Jonassen & S. McGee. “Predictors of Well-structured and Ill-structured Problem Solving in an Astrology Simulation”, in Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 40 (2003), pp. 6-23.

Simon, H.A. The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambrigde: MIT Press, 1969,1996.

________ . “The Structure of Ill-structured Problems”, in Artificial Intelligence, 4 (1973), pp. 181-201.

Tannen, D. “What's in a Frame? Surface Evidence for Underlying Expectations”, in R. Freedle (Ed.), New Directions in Discourse Processing, Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1979, pp. 137-181.

Thomas, J.C. & J.M. Carroll. “The Psychological Study of Design”, in Design Studies, 1 (1979), pp. 5-11.

Tseng, W.S.W. & L.J. Ball. “How Uncertainty Helps Sketch Interpretation in a Design Task”, in T. Taura & Y. Nagai (Eds.), Design Creativity 2010, London: Springer, 2011. pp. 257-264.

Tversky, A. & D. Kahneman. “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice”, in Science, 211 (1981), pp. 453-458.

Valkenburg, R. & K. Dorst. “The Reflective Practice of Design Teams”, in Design Studies, 19 (1998), pp. 249-271.

Weick, K. Sensemaking in Organizations, C.A.: Sage Publications, 1995.

Wertheimer, M. Productive Thinking, New York: Harper, 1945.

Yilmaz, S. & C.M. Seifert. “Creativity through Design Heuristics: A Case Study of Expert Product Design”, in Design Studies, 32 (2011), pp. 384-415.