تحلیل سرمایه های اجتماعی مؤثر بر مشارکت در ارتقای بافت های نابسامان شهری (بررسی موردی: محله امام‌زاده حسن، منطقه 17 شهر تهران)

در این مقاله پس از تبیین مفهوم سرمایه اجتماعی و کارکردهای آن، به تحلیل رابطه شاخص‌های سرمایه اجتماعی و تمایل به مشارکت سازمان‌یافته پرداخته می‌شود. شاخص‌های مورد بررسی از مطالعات و تجربیات داخلی و جهانی استخراج گردیده و با روش پیمایش در محله امام‌زاده حسن مورد سنجش قرار گرفته است. تحلیل همبستگی شاخص‌های سرمایه اجتماعی و تمایل به مشارکت سازمان‌یافته نشان می‌دهد که شاخص‌های احساس تعلق (با ضریب 0.332)، مشارکت اجتماعی (با ضریب 0.412)، اعتماد بین افراد (با ضریب 0.401)، اعتماد نهادی (با ضریب 0.352) و انسجام اجتماعی (با ضریب 0.335) بر تمایل به مشارکت سازمان‌یافته ساکنان تأثیر دارد ولی شاخص امنیت بر آن تأثیری ندارد. نتایج تحلیل مسیر تمایل به مشارکت سازمان‌یافته و شاخص‌های تأثیر‌گذار سرمایه اجتماعی بر آن نشان می‌دهد که شاخص اعتماد نهادی بر تمایل به مشارکت سازمان‌یافته تأثیر مستقیم و افزاینده دارد و شاخص‌های اعتماد بین افراد، احساس تعلق و انسجام اجتماعی به‌صورت غیر‌مستقیم بر آن تأثیر افزاینده دارند. شاخص مشارکت اجتماعی نیز هم به‌صورت مستقیم و هم به‌صورت غیر‌مستقیم بر تمایل به مشارکت سازمان‌یافته تأثیر افزاینده دارد. این نتایج نشان می‌دهد که ارتقای شاخص‌های سرمایه‌های اجتماعی مؤثر بر مشارکت می‌تواند به‌عنوان راهی جهت ارتقای بافت‌های نابسامان در نظر گرفته شود.

The physical comprehensive viewpoint on development has been the reason of failure of many urban plans in practice. One major reason can be related to lack of consideration and attention to existing capacities and potentials within communities. In this regard, dilapidated areas are usually considered with many problems and weaknesses, while they can include capacities that considering them might lead to acceleration of development.
Social capital as an important part of local capacity can be used by individuals and groups to facilitate their accessibility to local resources and would bring the possibility of taking better decisions for their welfare in addition to giving democratic validity to a community. The key concepts in social capital, includes participation in social networks, existence of common norms and creation of social trust. Social capital provides the possibility of achieving specific objectives which are inaccessible without it. This issue is critically important in improving dilapidated areas, since the residents would find themselves shareholders in the implementation of the project benefiting from its added value, which can result in improvement of their quality life.
The objective of this article is to investigate the rate and method of effectiveness of social capital indicators on participation tendency of local residents. In order to reach this goal, the indicators are extracted from domestic and international studies and are measured in Imamzadeh Hassan neighborhood located in district 17 of Tehran through survey and random sampling. The results of correlation analysis of social capital indicators and the tendency to participation in neighborhood indicates that indicators of belongingness (0.332), social participation (0.412), inter-personal trust (0.401), institutional trust (0.352) and social integration (0.335) are effective on participation tendency of residents, however the indicator of safety has no effect on this. Also, the results for path analysis of participation tendency and effective indicators of social capital indicates that the indicator of institutional trust (0.21) has direct and increasing effect on participation tendency and indicators of interpersonal trust (0.077), local belongingness (0.042) and social integration (0.018) had indirect increasing effect on participation tendency and the indicator of social participation has both direct (0.176) and indirect (0.041) increasing effect to participation tendency.
These results indicate that developing effective social capitals on participation, especially social participation and institutional trust as the most important factors, can be considered as a way to promote quality of urban dilapidated areas. Along this, organizing the local management system and providing the possibility of growth for NGOs is considered as an inevitable issue. Also, the productive foundations of social capital which are creating new identities based on citizen participation shall be recognized and they shall be used in favor of urban management.

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