نسبت امروز و گذشته در آثاری از معماری مسکونی معاصر تهران

برخی از اهل نظر گفتهاند که معماری گذشته و امروز ایران نسبتی با هم ندارند؛ لیکن گروهی از معماران معاصر کوشیده‌اند تا از میراث معماری گذشته در آثار خود بهره برند. در مقاله، چهار بنا از آثار این معماران بررسی شده‌است- آثاری در زمرة بناهای مسکونی میان مرتبة تهران.

از میان سی اثری که صاحبنظران معماری معرفی کردهاند، چهار مصداق به «شیوة نقد درونی» شرح داده شده است. شناخت رویکرد طراحان در مسیر پیوند با گذشته، ثبت تلاش‌های مشترک و پاسخ به این پرسش که این طراحان، در نظر به معماری گذشته، تا چه میزان به اصول معماری ایرانی نزدیک شده‌اند، هدف اصلی این کار بوده است. در نهایت ترفندها و رویکردهای طراحان در دو گروه رویکردهای کلی و رویکردهای تفصیلی دسته بندی شدهاند. با این تأملات معلوم میشود که رجوع به طرح حیاط مرکزی عمده‌ترین رویکرد در این چهار مصداق است. به همین دلیل در انتهای مقاله، شرح مفصلی در این باب عرضه و نتایج چنین رویکردی سنجیده می‌شود.

از آنجاکه دامنة مصادیق گسترده نیست، نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش می‌تواند به مثابه فرضیه، به کار پژوهش‌های آتی بیاید- پژوهش‌هایی در حوزة مبحث هویت در معماری ایران و تاریخ معماری معاصر ایران و کشورهایی با مسائل مشابه.

Some experts believe that today’s Iranian architecture is not in the way of the traditional architecture. Reviewing history books and magazines shows that heritage of traditional Iranian architecture has been neglected since Qajar era. Therefore establishing a link between the present and the past is considered an important issue of Iranian contemporary architecture and it has been years that “Iranian identity in architecture” and “an architecture that is catered to Iranians’ preferences” have become critical challenges of many Iranian architects. In contemporary era, many architectural scholars recognize the establishment of a connection to the past as a way of transforming the current undesirable status of architecture, asserting that Iranian traditional architecture has implicit and explicit principles that can be realized at any time. Therefore, after when the negative aspects of this neglect were revealed, several architects began to restore the heritage in their architectural pieces and many considerable works have been created. Also in theory many scholars have thought about this issue and many meetings have been held in this topic.
In the last decades, some researches have been done with the aim of finding the contemporary architectural pieces and buildings that have tried to follow the traditional rules and criteria of Iranian architecture. This research studies some of the contemporary residential buildings in Tehran, which are designed by following this course- with the aim of identifying design approaches. Researchers referred to scholars of today architecture and experts – academicals or professional - for selecting precedents of this typology. Finally, four projects out of thirty are analyzed by using innate critique and “understanding the architecture through itself”; Because understanding the relationship between the past and the present established in architectural projects can only gained through contemplation on the works themselves.
After analyzing the projects, architectural approaches in the way of creating a connection to the past, are explained. The conclusion includes acknowledgement of contemporary architects’ attempts in order to establish a connection between the present and the traditional architecture; illustrating their success and failures.
In the end, the architectural approaches in these four houses are categorized in two main groups: Overall approaches and detailed approaches. The results show that using brick and stucco as well as the composition of volumes and masses has helped in creating an Iranian and familiar appearance. Also creating traditional spaces such as vestibule and corridor is another approach. Eventually the central courtyard – as one of the most important approaches- is defined and the results of such a decision in these cases will be assessed. It can be concluded that maybe having a central courtyard in the contemporary residential buildings is not compatible with today’s lifestyle.
This article refutes that the judgments made can be extended to any architectural projects of this typology, but the results of this research can be hypotheses for future detailed researches in this area and within the limits of contemporary architecture in Iran and countries that face similar problems - especially in the area of residential buildings.

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