بررسی تطبیقی تناسبات نمای سردر مساجد شیخ لطف الله، جامع عباسی، حکیم و مدرسه چهارباغ اصفهان

این مقاله به بررسی تناسبات نمای سردر چند نمونه از بناهای شاخص صفوی در شهر اصفهان به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین آثار این دوره پرداخته است. نمونه‌هایی که مورد سنجش و بررسی قرار گرفته‌اند عبارتند از: مساجد شیخ ‌لطف‌الله، جامع ‌عباسی (مسجد شاه سابق یا مسجد امام)، حکیم و مدرسه چهارباغ (مادر شاه). مسئلة مورد توجه تناسبات به‌کار رفته در نمای سردر این بناها به‌عنوان ابزاری در جهت خلق آثاری خردمندانه و مطلوب است. با توجه به اهمیت سردر بناها به‌عنوان عناصری شهری در دوره صفوی به‌نظر می‌رسد در طراحی نمای سردر این بناها تناسبات مشخصی به‌کار رفته است؛ همچنین تفاوت در کارکرد و اهمیت، تمایز در تناسبات را نیز در پی داشته است. این پژوهش بر مبنای الگوهای نظری معماری و به‌روش توصیفی و تحلیلی صورت گرفته است و فرآیند بررسی شامل استفاده از روش‌های هندسی است. برای تعیین تناسب نمای سردر نسبت ارتفاع به عرض در بخش‌های مختلف هر ورودی مورد سنجش قرار گرفته است. یافته‌های به‌دست آمده با تناسبات ایرانی، چون پنج‌ضلعی و شش‌ضلعی منتظم تطبیق داده شده است. نتیجه بررسی حاضر نشان می‌دهد مسجد‌ جامع عباسی از تناسبات متمایزی در نمای سردر نسبت به سایر موارد برخوردار است؛ در‌حالی‌که نمای سردر سایر موارد دارای تناسباتی مشترک هستند. مستطیل نمای سردر مسجد جامع ‌عباسی حاصل از تناسبات مشتق از پنج‌ضلعی منتظم است و تناسبات به‌کار رفته در نمای سردر سایر بناها از تناسبات مشتق از شش‌ضلعی منتظم برگرفته شده است.

This paper investigates the proportion of entrances façade in some Safavid heritage buildings in Isfahan, as the most important masterpieces of this period. The examined case studies include Sheikh Lotfolah Mosque, Ja’me Abasi Mosque (previously known as “Shah Mosque” or currently as “Imam Mosque”), Hakim Mosque and Chahar-Bagh (previously known as “Madare Shah”) School. An entrance, which is the subject of this research, is a significant element of an architectural design; this has a special impact on identifying urban spaces. This element particularly has got special place in Safavid Era as a result of emphasizing on urban design aspects in this period. The significant aspect of the study is the proportion of entrance façades in Safavid mosques of Isfahan like Ja’me Abbasi Mosque, which has a special situation and location in comparison with other monuments. This survey attempted to figure out the answer to the following questions: (i) Has Safavid architecture followed the specific and identified proportions in designing the entrance façade of mosques? Furthermore, if so, the second question which has to be answered is; (ii) is there any variety regarding the hierarchy of importance, function and location of these mosques? On the other hand, (iii) does the situation of the mosques affect their proportion of entrance façade and reveal any diversity?” In the process of the study, the outstanding difference of Ja’me Abbasi Mosque in comparison with other mosques became clear. The entrance façade of this mosque is not only higher than that of other ones, but also has two minarets on its sides. Furthermore, this mosque is a Safavid Adineh Mosque, and this has made it remarkable in terms of function, politics and socialization position. Thereupon, it may also affect the proportions of its entrance façade. The geometric methods which were employed in this research, namely the ratios of height to width in main parts of façades, assess the existing proportions of each entrance façade. This paper presents a summary of four case studies followed by a brief literature review on the recognized geometric proportions of indicative squares, regular pentagons and regular hexagons. The results are achieved by the comparison derived from the square, pentagon and hexagon. The survey results are established in terms of identification of employed proportions in entrance facades, assessment and evaluation, and finally implementation and comparison of them. As a result, the present study clearly indicates that the Ja’me Abbasi Mosque has unique proportions for its entrance façade in comparison with the other mosques, whilst other Safavid mosques have similar proportions. This result highlights the unique role of Ja’me Abbasi Mosque in the city in terms of function and also shows the efforts of its designers to make it outstanding. The rectangular of entrance façade in Ja’me Abbasi Mosque is consistent with the proportions of regular pentagon. However, in other Safavid mosques, entrance façades were compatible with proportions of regular hexagons. Accordingly, the results were presented for each of the case studies in some tables. Finally, a comparison table has been presented to assess and compare the ratio of all cases and has provided the final result of the research.

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