گونه شناسی سکونتگاه های غیررسمی در شهرهای ایران، مطالعه تطبیقی شهرهای سنندج و کرمانشاه

اسکان غیررسمی پدیده‌ای فراگیر و به مثابه یکی از چهره‌های بارز فقر شهری است که درون یا مجاور شهرها به شکلی خودرو، فاقد مجوز ساخت شکل می‌گیرد. در این پژوهش با رویکردی تحلیلی- توصیفی و با استفاده از مطالعات اسنادی و میدانی سعی شده با بررسی گونه‌شناسی تطبیقی سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی دو شهر سنندج و کرمانشاه، الگوی رایج اسکان غیررسمی و انواع سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی بازشناسی شود. بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش، سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی در این دو شهر را می‌توان بر اساس معیارهای اصلی از جمله نحوه شکل‌گیری، روند تشکیل، قدمت شکل‌گیری، موقعیت و مقیاس دسته‌بندی نمود. شرایطی همچون بستر طبیعی شهر، روند توسعه تاریخی شهر و جنگ، گونه‌های مختلفی از سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی را شکل داده است. شهر کرمانشاه با سابقه تاریخی کهن واقع در پهنه دشتی در یک حوزه حاصلخیز با پسکرانه روستایی غنی، دارای دامنه و تنوع بیشتر اسکان غیررسمی بوده و شهر سنندج واقع در یک محیط محدود میان کوهی و پسکرانه محدود و یکدست‌تر، تنوع و گوناگونی کمتری داشته است. در حالی که در کرمانشاه روستای ادغام شده در شهر پدیده رایجی است، در هر دو شهر بیشترین الگو تقسیم و بازتقسیم زمین‌های کشاورزی و در موارد محدودی مربوط به دوره انقلاب شامل تصرف‌های عدوانی نیز بوده است.

Informal settlements are tangible feature of urban poor in developing countries and can be recognized as a possible choice for them to build/buy a house with minimum cost and time consuming in urban areas. They have usually come up illegally either on the government land or private land in a haphazard manner in and around the city. They are unplanned and violating all norms of government planning. Bad houses with inadequate light, air, toilet and bathing facility; overcrowding and high density of population are some of the features of these informal settlements. They range from high density, squalid central city tenements to spontaneous squatter settlements without legal recognition or rights, sprawling at the edge of cities. Some are more than fifty years old, some are land invasions just underway. Due to the process and conditions of construction, environmental conditions, and other features, they are known by many different names around the country yet share the same miserable living conditions. To pursue this diversity in the informal settlements, a kind of comparative approach has been adopted regarding the typology of informal settlements in two cities of Kermanshah and Sanandaj. Regarding the economic characteristics , Kemanshah has attracted more migerations due to its location in the West of the Country ,Accordiing to the fact that the migration to Kermanshah includes ethnic and cultural diversity so the variety of informal settelments has been more obvious. The results shows that the informal settlements of these cities can be classified based on the main factors of origin of formation, process of formation, location, size of settlements, and other sub-factors. This classification also revealed that there are different types of informal settlements in these cities regarding the geophysical conditions of the cities setting, historical process of cities development, and war. With a long record of history, the city of Kermanshah which located in a fertile plain surrounded by a strong rural hinterland and more contemporary changes has contained different types of informal settlements. On the contrary, the city of Sanandaj which surrounded by mountains and contained a limited and unified number of rural hinterlands has comprised less diversity in the typology of informal settlements. Within these cities, the most type of informal settlements is in relation to the successive division of agricultural land by individuals and speculators and in limited cases after the revolution, there is a type which can be classified as forcible seizure of land. Due to the geophysical setting, incorporated villages into urban built-up areas are the main type of informal settlements in the city of Kermanshah. Slum state is a kind of poor neigbourhoods of Kermanshah that was shaped by government but squatted by migrants of Iraq war. Although these public housings were built for public officers and acquirers, it was never evacuated by war immigrants and consequently they became slum states. regarding the” despair and hope” theory , the settlements are mainly the slum of Hope kind in both cities, Only Chaman neigbourhood can be some how interpreted as a slum of despair in Kermanshah.

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