بررسى سیر تحول و تکامل مفهوم هنر عمومى

در سه دهة اخیر، هنر عمومى و ظهورش در قلمرو همگانى توجه بسیارى از هنرمندان و متخصصان زمینه هاى مرتبط با این مقوله را، از قبیل طراحان و برنامه ریزان شهرى، معماران، جغرافیدانان، جامعه شناسان و سیاستمداران به خود جلب کرده است. یکى از مهمترین سئوالات مطرح در مورد هنر عمومى این است که آیا هر اثر هنرى با حضورش در قلمرو همگانى و فضاى بازِ در دسترس عموم به یک اثر هنر عمومى تبدیل مى شود یا خیر. از آنجا که اصول هنر عمومى نیز مانند دیگر پدیده ها با گذر زمان دچار تحول شده است، یکى از راه هاى ایجاد زمینه براى پاسخ به این سئوال، بررسى روند شکل گیرى و تکامل این پدیده و پایه هاى نظرى آن است. این مقاله با معرفى سال هاى آغازین دهه 1990 میلادى به عنوان دوره تحول پارادایم و مبانى نظرى هنر عمومى، دوران تکامل هنر عمومى معاصر را به فرآیندى با دو مرحله کلى تقسیم بندى مى کند: دورة اول از آغاز دهه 1960 م. تا آغاز دهه 1990 م. که در این دوره هنر عمومى معاصر خاصیتى هنرمند مدار دارد و دورة دوم که از دهه 1990 م. شروع مى شود و مبناى نظرى آن معرف فرآیند شکل گیرى اثر هنر عمومى در بستر هاى اجتماعى است. با توجه به بررسى هاى صورت گرفته، در پایان این مقاله تعریفى از هنر عمومى معاصر ارائه شده است.

Art has always played a critical role in forming cultural, social, andpolitical symbols and especially during the last three decades, it, in form ofpublic art, has caught the attention of artists and experts of fields relatedto public domains including urban designers and planners, architects,geographers, sociologists and politicians. As such, in the 20th century, avariety of factors including fast growth of cities and reduction of quality ofpublic space as a result of urban communities’ ignorance about this growthprocedure, the specialization of different fields of sciences and technologies,and understanding the role of arts in promoting the conceptual aspects ofpublic space have been influential in giving shape to public art. Since then,one of the most important questions about public art has been whether anyartwork which exists in public realm and is accessible to open space can becalled public artwork.
Since public art concept, unlike other phenomenon, is not stable and changes inthe course of the time, investigating different accounts of this concept, itsevolution and its theoretical basis can be assumed to be one way to prepare abase for answering the question that: “what is public art?”. In the second halfof the 20th century, the growth of attentions to public spaces remaining frommodernist approaches to architecture and urban planning in many countriesencouraged local governments to benefit from ‘a percent for art’ policy inbuilt environment developments. With this policy, artworks, which haddisappeared in such spaces for more than half a century, re-emerged in publicspaces. Therefore, in the initial years of following this policy, the artists,who up until that time had exhibited their artworks in modern museums, foundthe opportunity to put them on view in public and accessible spaces. After lessthan three decades, the appearance of these artworks that were devoid of thesocio-spatial dimensions of public spaces has been criticized by citizens andsocial and art critics. With the increase of these criticisms, a new paradigm,with socio-spatial dimensions being in its central core, emerged in public artfield from the end of 1980s to the beginning of 1990s. With a deliberative andcomparative review of evolution of public art concepts and definitions, thispaper introduces the 1990s as the paradigm shift and public art theoreticalbasis transformation period, and divides the evolution of public art into twogeneral periods; the first one since 1960s to 1990s, this period was dominatedby artist-oriented public art that the modernism concepts of space was followedin designing and creating of artworks in public open spaces, and the othersince 1990s up until now, which introduces the theoretical basis of the publicart development process in social contexts. Drawing on related literature, adefinition of public art is presented and also concerns regarding future ofpublic art in relation to public spaces that is becoming more and moreprivatized in many countries, are debated.

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