ارزیابی و شناسایی کنشگران توسعه ناپایدار محله های غیررسمی (نمونه موردی: محله غیررسمی شمیران نو)

ساخت‌وسازهای غیررسمی، بخشی از حیات ناپایدار شهری در طول تاریخ شهرنشینی بوده‌اند. این محله‌ها به‌واسطه تأمین تقاضای سرپناه اقشار کم‌درآمد، محل تجمع گونه‌های مختلف اقشار و طبقات اجتماعی فرودست هستند. این درواقع تقاضا و تجمعی است که شاکله ناپایداری حیات شهری این محله‌ها را به وجود می‌آورد. این مقاله، به مردم‌نگاری سکونتگاه غیررسمی شمیران‌نو واقع در منطقه 4 شهرداری تهران می‌پردازد. هدف پژوهش، شناسایی انگیزه‌ها، تمایلات و آثار گروه‌های سازنده غیرمجاز است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که حداقل سه گروه اجتماعی متفاوت، دست به ساخت‌وسازهای بی‌قاعده در محیط و فضای این محله می‌زنند: گروه یکم قدیمی‌های ناچار است، گروه دوم مهاجران مهاجرپذیر و گروه سوم سودجویان مسافر. هریک از این کنشگران می‌توانند منابعی بااهمیت برای پایداری محله باشند. مقایسه نتایج تحقیق با مدل‌های معتبر نشان می‌دهد که محله مورد بررسی دارای گونه‌های متفاوت اجتماعی با وضعیت روانی و اجتماعی مختلف است. بنابراین دستیابی به اهداف برنامه‌های بهسازی و اصلاحی با استفاده از روش‌های ترکیبی و پویا با هدایت ظرفیت‌ها و انگیزه‌ها و خواسته‌های گروه‌های سازنده مقدور خواهد شد.

Informal and not following established procedures constructions have been a part of non continuous survival and urban unsustainable life, during urbanization history and urban life. These neighborhoods have been the aggregation points of different social and community species and inferior social classes due to demand for low income housing. Demanded and accumulation points which have formed and caused unsustainable urban life of these neighborhoods and settlements. Development of these parts of neighborhoods in the cities have occurred in illegal and unlawful ways, so researchers are eager to find out the results and consequences of these kinds of complex changing in relationship with urban life. These human gatherings have caused immigration of other people to these places, and therefore finding different cultures in them is a norm. Divers life styles and conflicting capacities are results of these different ways of living, but Communities and social groups of these urban sectors are not negligible, because they are residents of cities and they have Civil rights. This paper is an ethnographic research report of Shemiran Nou informal Settlement, at 4th region of Tehran municipality. The observations and interviews have been used in this research method, and description of illegal constructor’s groups has been very important to recognize the informal neighborhood status. In this research it is accepted that the social groups of these settlements have the most important capacities for neighborhoods sustainability, so development of their abilities and powers is among the main objectives of the research which are achievable by finding the characteristics of these communities. It is clear that the social groups of these neighborhoods are active actors, so urban planners and managers need to know about their behavioral, social and economical positions. The objectives of this research are to indentify motivations, desires & impacts of social groups of illegal constructors. Therefore, successful access to each part of this community will be the best way for deep understanding. Because of that makes the trust and confidence was very important. The results illustrate at least three different kinds of social groups have and are constructing irregular constructions and buildings in this neighborhood: the first group is so called as the inevitable aboriginal people or poor primitive owners who are the oldest residents in this neighborhood. The second one known as immigrants that are immigrant absorber. These people have traveled to the mentioned settlement and tempt their ex-neighbors into immigrating to this informal settlement. The third one is identified as travelers group of profit seeker or users of the economic potentials of constructions and building activities. They travel and leave the neighborhood after their actions and don’t care about their customers and constructions. While each one of these actors could be regarded as important sources for neighborhood sustainability, achieving rehabilitation plans through utilizing hybrid and dynamic methods with directing the producer group capacities, motivations and demands, could be feasible. A comparison between the results this research and the social groups of informal settlements’ models shows that Shemiran Nou is a mixed community with different construction ways.

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